In the early 1990s, in the wake of the apparent definitive triumph of capitalism over socialism, Francis Fukuyama put forth the notion of “the end of ideology,” and his book on the theme has been printed by publishing companies in twenty countries. However, not long after the proclamation of the end of ideology, the ideologies of socialism and the Third World began to experience renewal, revitalization, and reformulation; and today the United States launches cold wars, also known as unconventional war, against Russia, China, and socialist and anti-imperialist countries of the Third World. The renewal of ideological conflict began in the late 1990s, with the emergence of “socialism for the twenty-first century” in Latin America and the retaking by key nations of the global South of the classic demands of the Non-Aligned Movement for a “New International Economic Order.” (See “China and the Third World: The construction of an alternative, more just world-system,…
© 2025 Charles McKelvey
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